Sei Brass iri chinhu chakajairika muindasitiri chemuromo wemvura yemoto?

Sei Kusarudzwa Kwemushonga Wemvura Yemoto Kuchikosha?

Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvekushandisamichina yekudzima motochisarudzo chakakosha cheinjiniya chinoratidza kugadzirira kushanda, nguva dzekugadzirisa, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemhinduro dzenjodzi. Nozzle yemvura yemoto inoshanda senzvimbo yekupedzisira yekuendesa mvura mune chero sisitimu yekudzvinyirira, ichiisa zvinhu zvayo pamasimba makuru emvura, kusvibiswa zvakanyanya nezvakatipoteredza, uye kushungurudzwa kwakanyanya mumuviri.

Kunyange hazvo mainjiniya emazuva ano akaunza dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana dzesimbi dzakagadzirwa nesimbi dzakareruka, kusarudzwa kwezvinhu kuchiri chiratidzo chikuru chehupenyu hwemushonga. Mainjiniya ekutenga zvinhu anofanira kuongorora zvinhu kwete chete pamutengo wazvo wekutanga kutenga, asiwo pakugara zvakanaka kwesimbi, kusimba kwemuchina kana uchimanikidzwa, uye kusadzivirirwa kubva mukuora kwezvakatipoteredza kwemakumi emakore ekusashanda zvakanaka.

Kukanganiswa kwekutengeserana kwesarudzo yezvinhu zvemuromo

Kuongorora mutengo wemari yose yekuva muridzi (TCO) kunoratidza kuti mutengo wekutanga wekutenga unomiririra 15% kusvika 20% chete yemari inoshandiswa pakushandisa muromo wemvura yemoto. Mushonga wesimbi weindasitiri unowanzo da mari yekutanga yemadhora makumi masere kusvika kumadhora zana nemakumi mashanu ($80 kusvika kumadhora zana nemakumi mashanu ($150), wakakwira ne30% kusvika ku40% kupfuura mhando dzakaenzana dzearuminiyamu dzakaburitswa. Zvisinei, kukanganisa kwekutengeserana kunoonekwa mukutsiva uye pamusoro pekugadzirisa.

Zvishandiso zvesimbi zvesimbi zvinowanzo pfuura makore 15 kusvika ku20 ekushanda nguva dzose munzvimbo dzakaoma dzemaindasitiri. Kusiyana neizvi, zvinhu zvepasi-pasi zvinogona kuda kutsiviwa makore matatu kusvika mashanu ega ega nekuda kwekusakara kweshinda, ngura yegalvanic, kana kushanduka kwesimba. Uyezve, vatariri vezvivakwa vanofanirwa kufunga nezvemitengo yenguva yekushanda uye kutevedzera mitemo yeinishuwarenzi; kukundikana kukuru kwemuromo wesimbi wakaora panguva yemoto kunogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kwemamiriyoni emadhora mubhizinesi risina inishuwarenzi uye kurangwa kwakasimba kwemitemo.

Tsanangudzo dzemuromo wemvura yemoto

Kuti vanyatsotsanangura zvinhu, mainjiniya anofanirwa kunzwisisa tsananguro dzekutanga dzehydraulic dzinotonga mashandiro e nozzle. Maitiro ekumanikidza anowanzo tangira pa75 PSI kusvika pa100 PSI ye handlines dzakajairwa, asi zvishandiso zve master stream zvinorema uye ma industrial monitors zvinogona kugara zvichipfuura 250 PSI. Zvinhu izvi zvinofanira kunge zvine simba rakakwana rekusimba kuti zvikwanise kutsungirira kumanikidzwa uku kusina microscopic.

Mwero wekuyerera kwemvura unoyerwa mumagaloni paminiti (GPM), nemaburi esimbi esimbi akajairika anopa kuyerera kwakaganhurirwa pakati pe60 ne125 GPM. Nzira dzekuora kwezvinhu, dzakadai sekuora kwegalvanic uye cavitation, itsananguro dzakakosha dzezvikwata zvekutenga. Cavitation inoitika kana kumanikidzwa kwemvura munzvimbo imwe chete kuchiderera pasi pekumanikidzwa kwemhepo, zvichikonzera kuputika kudiki kunogona kuparadza zvinhu zvisina kunaka zvemumuromo padanho re0.1mm kusvika 0.5mm pagore, zvichikanganisa zvachose maitiro ekuyerera kwemvura.

Nei Brass Ichinhu Chinoshandiswa Pakudzivirira Mvura Mumoto

Brass yakaramba iri panzvimbo yayo senzira isingapokanwe yeindasitiri yemuchina wemvura yemoto nekuda kwekuenzana kwakakwana kwehunhu hwemakanika, kugara kwenguva refu kwekupisa, uye hupfumi hwekugadzira. Chinhu ichi chinonyanya kugadzirwa nemhangura ne zinc, chakagadzirwa kuti chigone kutsungirira kuomarara kwesimba remvura rinomhanya zvakanyanya uye kupisa kwakanyanya.

Dziviriro yemoto yeindasitiriMasisitimu anonyanya kushandisa ma alloys emhangura akadai seC36000 (Free-Cutting Brass) neC46400 (Naval Brass). Aya ma compositions esimbi chaiwo anopa musanganiswa wakasiyana wehuwandu, kuzvizora, uye kusimba kwechimiro izvo ma polymers ekugadzira nesimbi dzakareruka asingagoni kutevedzera mukushandiswa kwekuchengetedza hupenyu.

Corrosion resistance uye dezincification control

Brass yero yakajairika ine mhangura inosvika 61.5% uye zinc inosvika 35.5%. Munzvimbo dzine makemikari emvura akasimba, kubviswa kwezinc—maitiro apo zinc inobuda kubva mu alloy matrix, ichisiya chimiro chemhangura chisina kusimba, chine maburi—kunokonzera njodzi huru yekukundikana. Kuora uku kunokurumidza mumadziva asina kumira ane huwandu hwechloride hunodarika 250 mg/L.

Kuti varwise dambudziko iri, ma nozzles emvura yemoto yepamusoro anoshandisa Dezincification Resistant (DZR) brass alloys. Aya ma grades anosanganisira huwandu hwakajeka hwearsenic (0.02% kusvika 0.10%) kana antimony kuti isimbise zinc matrix. Kugadziriswa uku kwesimbi kunoita kuti nozzle irambe yakasimba uye inokwanisa kuchengetedza kumanikidzwa kunyangwe kana yakasangana nemvura yakaoma yemumaguta kana matangi emumaindasitiri asina kugadziriswa kwemakumi emakore.

Simba rekumanikidzwa, kuramba kukanganiswa, uye kutsungirira kupisa

Kusimba kwesimbi yemhangura kwakakosha pakushandisa michina yekudzvinyirira ine simba guru. Masimbi emhangura anoshandiswa mukuvaka simbi yemhangura anoratidza simba rekudhonza kubva pa310 MPa kusvika ku450 MPa, zvichipa mukana wekuchengetedza wakanyanya kubva pakuvhunduka kwemvura uye kuputika kwemvura kunowanzo pfuura 300 PSI. Simba iri rekudhonza rinodzivirira kukura kana kuputika kwesimbi yemhangura panguva yekumanikidzwa kwekutanga.

Kusagona kukanganiswa uye kushivirira kupisa zvakakosha zvakaenzana. Mitemo yeNFPA inowanzoda kuti ma nozzles ararame madonhwe akawanda pakongiri kubva pakukwirira kusvika mamita 1.8 (1.8 metres). Kunyange zvazvo zvikamu zvearuminiyamu zvichigona kupwanyika nekukanganisika—zvichikanganisa pakarepo ma baffles ekuyerera kwemukati kana kubatana kweshinda—ndarira inonwisa simba rekufamba nekukanganisika kushoma. Uyezve, ndarira ine poindi yekunyunguduka inosvika 900°C kusvika 940°C, zvichiita kuti nozzle isanyunguduke zvakanyanya kana kukanganisika panguva yekupenya, kusiyana nearuminiyamu inonyunguduka pa660°C chete.

Kugona kugadzira, kugadzikana kwezvikamu, uye kugadziriswa

Kubva pamaonero ekugadzira, brass yeC36000 inocheka yakasununguka ine chiyero chepasi rose che100%. Izvi zvinobvumira nzvimbo dzekugadzira dzeCNC kuwana kushivirira kwakasimba, kazhinji mukati me ±0.001 inches. Kunyatsorongeka kwakadaro kwakakosha pakugadzira ma profiles akaomarara eNational Standard Thread (NST) uye nzira dzekuyerera kwemukati, nokudaro zvichideredza kutenderera kwemvura uye kuwedzera kusvika kwemvura.

Kugadzikana kwesimbi yemhangura kunoreva zvakananga kugadziriswa kwemunda uye kuvimbika kwekushanda kwayo. Hunhu hwayo hwekuzvizora hunodzivirira tambo kupwanyika—dambudziko rinowanzoitika apo kukweshana kunokonzera kukweshana pakati penzvimbo dzinosangana, izvo zvinowanzoonekwa kana zvinhu zvesimbi isingatsvi pasi pekumanikidzwa. Pamusoro pezvo, maburi emhangura anopa kugona kugadzirisa hupenyu hwese; tambo dzakakuvara dzinogona kuteverwa nekugadziriswa uchishandisa matepi akajairwa, zvichiwedzera hupenyu hwebasa uye zvichideredza zvakanyanya mari yese yekugadzirisa.

Brass vs Zvimwe Zvishandiso zveMvura yeMoto

Kunyange hazvo brass ichiri chiyero chikuru chekushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvinorema, mainjiniya ekudzivirira moto emazuva ano anowanzo ongorora zvimwe zvinhu kuti agadzirise mashandiro chaiwo. Kunzwisisa simba rekuenzanisa uye kusasimba kwezvinhu izvi kwakakosha pakutsanangura michina yakakodzera yenzvimbo dzakasarudzika dzekushanda.

Tafura yekufananidza zvinhu zvekusarudza nozzle

Matrix inotevera inotsanangura zviyero zvakakosha zvekushanda kwemhangura zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvinoshandiswa muKugadzira nozzle yemvura yemoto.

Apo simbi yemhangura inopfuura zvimwe zvinhu

Brass inogara ichishanda zvakanaka kupfuura dzimwe nzira dzekushandisa mumaindasitiri makuru, mumadhipatimendi emoto emakanzuru, uye mumapombi emagetsi uko michina inoshandiswa zvisina kunaka uye inochengetwa kwenguva refu. Hunhu hwayo hwekuzvizora hunoderedza zvakanyanya njodzi yekupwanywa kweshinda, mukana mukuru wekushanda kana vadzimi vemoto vachifanira kubatanidza mapombi nemidziyo nekukurumidza pavanenge vachinetseka mupfungwa nemuviri.

Kuwanda kwesimbi yemhangura (inenge 8.4 kusvika 8.7 g/cm³) kunoita kuti pave nerubatsiro rwe ergonomic rusingawanzoonekwi mukushandiswa kwakasimba kana kwakasimba. Huremu uhwu hunoderedza ruzha rwe hydraulic vibration uye cavitation, zvichipa vanoishandisa simba rekuita nozzle reaction rakagadzikana uye rinofungidzirwa kana vachiburitsa mvura nekukurumidza kunopfuura mamita 100 pasekondi. Kugadzikana uku kwakaoma kuwana nema polymers akareruka zvakanyanya kana aluminium ine madziro matete.

Nguva yekusarudza aruminiyamu, simbi isina ngura, bronze, kana composite

Pasinei nekuti brass ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa, zvirambidzo zvekushanda zvinosarudza kushandiswa kwezvimwe zvinhu. Aruminiyamu yakaoma inozorwa ndiyo sarudzo inosarudzwa pakurwisa moto munzvimbo dzesango nemasango, uko vashandi vanofanira kutakura michina munzvimbo dzakaoma kwedaro refu; muromo wearuminiyamu unorema chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chezvakaenzana nebrass, zvichideredza kuneta zvakanyanya.

Simbi isina ngura (inowanzoita 316L) inova chinhu chinodiwa munzvimbo dzine petrochemical inoparadza zvakanyanya kana munzvimbo dziri kure uko kusvibiswa neacids dzakaoma kana salt spray inopfuurira kunopfuura kugona kwekudzivirira kweDZR brass yakajairwa. Bronze (musanganiswa wemhangura netin) inorayirwa kushandiswa zvakanyanya mugungwa nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hwe zinc hunenge husina zero, zvichibvisa njodzi yekubvisa zinc zvachose. Chekupedzisira, mapurasitiki akabatanidzwa (polycarbonate kana girazi-filled nylon) anongogumira pakushandiswa kwedzimba dzine pressure shoma kana dzekurima dzisina simba apo kumanikidzwa kwekushanda kunoramba kuri pasi pe75 PSI uye zvirambidzo zvebhajeti zvinoraira mutengo weyuniti uri pasi pemadhora makumi maviri.

Magadzirirwo eMaburi emvura yemoto uye Kuongorora Kutevedzera Mutemo

Kutenga nozzle yemvura yemoto kunoda kutevedzera mitemo yekuchengetedzwa kwenyika dzese uye mitemo yakasimba yekusimbisa hunhu. Vatengi havagone kuvimba chete nechitarisiko chinoonekwa chechinhu chendarira; vanofanirwa kuona kuti zvigadzirwa zvakasarudzwa zvinosangana nezvinodiwa nekushanda uye zvinodiwa zvesimbi.

Kukundikana kusimbisa zvinodiwa izvi panguva yekutenga kunogona kukonzera kutenga michina isina kunaka iyo inokundikana kana paine kumanikidzwa, zvichiisa panjodzi kuchengetedzeka kwehupenyu uye kutyora mitemo yeinishuwarenzi yenzvimbo.

Maitiro, kuyera kumanikidzwa, tambo, uye mapatani ekuyerera

Sangano reNational Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1964 Standard for Spray Nozzles rinopa mitemo yakasimba yekushanda, kusanganisira kuyedzwa kwe hydrostatic. Ma nozzles anoenderana nezvinodiwa anofanira kutsungirira kumanikidzwa kwe hydrostatic kusvika 900 PSI pasina kuputika kana kushanduka zvachose, uye anoshanda zvakanaka pakushanda kwawo kwakarongwa, kazhinji 100 PSI.

Zvinodiwa neshinda zvinofanirwa kutevedzera NFPA 1963 kana zviyero zvakafanana zvemuno, zvichiita kuti pave nekubatana kwakanaka nemahydrant emumaguta aripo uye mahosi ekubatanidza (semuenzaniso, NH, NST, kana NPSH). Uyezve, maitiro ekuyerera kwemvura—kubva parwizi rwakananga kusvika kune fog inodzivirira ye120 degrees—anofanirwa kuenzaniswa nemazvo kuti ape GPM yakatarwa mukati me ±5% tolerance margin muhuwandu hwese hwekumanikidzwa.

Giredhi resimbi yesimbi uye mhando yekugadzira

Kusimba kwesimbi kwesimbi yesimbi yebrass alloy ndiyo inonyanya kukosha pamhando yekugadzira uye kugara kwenguva refu. Tsanangudzo dzekutenga dzinofanira kuratidza zvakajeka magiredhi esimbi anogamuchirwa, akadai seC46400 (Naval Brass) yekudzivirira hunyoro zvakanyanya kana C37700 yezvikamu zvakagadzirwa zvine simba guru. Kutsiva simbi dzepamusoro nesimbi yakachipa, ine lead yakawanda kunokanganisa zvakanyanya simba remuchina wechigadzirwa chapera.

Maitiro ekudzora hunhu panzvimbo yekugadzira zvinhu anofanira kurayira kuti pave nekuongororwa kwespectrometer ye optical emission kuti vaone kuti makemikari acho akagadzirwa sei, vachiona kuti huwandu hwe zinc huri mukati me35% kusvika 39% kudzivirira kupwanyika. Uyezve, vatengi vanofanira kutaura huwandu hwakanyanya hwekupwanyika kwema nozzles ebrass, vachiwanzoda kuti huwandu hwekupwanyika huve pasi pe1% kudzivirira kubuda kwemvura nekuputika kana paine simba guru re hydraulic.

Kukodzera kwemutengesi uye kutonga njodzi dzekutenga

Kudzora njodzi dzekutenga zvinhu zvinobudirira kunoda kuti pave neruzivo rwakasimba rwemutengesi usati wapa maodha ekutenga. Vagadziri vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zviri kushanda.ISO 9001:2015zvitupa zvekutarisira mhando uye kukwanisa kupa EN 10204 Type 3.1 Material Test Reports (MTRs) yebhechi rega rega rekugadzira, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kutevedzera kubva kuingot mbishi kusvika kumuromo wapera.

Pakugadzira cheni dzezvinhu zvinotengeswa zvemhando yepamusoro kana kuti OEM brass nozzles, mapoka ekutenga zvinhu anofanira kutarisira Minimum Order Quantities (MOQs) kubva pa500 kusvika 1,000 units dzezvinhu zvinogadzirwa nemaoko, nguva dzekugadzira dzichitora mavhiki masere kusvika gumi nemaviri. Kuita ongororo dzechitatu dzekutanga kutumira zvinhu (uchishandisa masangano akadai seSGS kana Bureau Veritas) kunoderedza njodzi yekugamuchira zvigadzirwa zvisingatevedzere mitemo zvinogona kutadza kushanda zvakanaka panguva yekupindura nekukurumidza.

Maitiro Ekutenga Vanofanira Kusarudza Nozzle Yemvura Yemoto YeBrass

Kusarudza zvakanakisisamuromo wemvura yemoto wendarirainoda nzira yakarongeka inoenzanisa mari yekutanga inoshandiswa nekuvimbika kwekushanda kwenguva refu. Mapoka ekutenga anofanira kufamba nematanho akaomarara ekugadzira zvinhu kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zvakachengeteka zvakanyanya, mitemo inotevedzera mitemo, uye purofiti inobuda mumari yaiswa.

Nekusiya kutenga zvinhu zvichibva pazvinhu uye kushandisa nzira yekutenga yakatarisana nehupenyu hwese, masangano anogona kuderedza zvakanyanya mutoro wekugadzirisa kwenguva refu uku achiwedzera kugadzirira kwavo moto.

Matrix yesarudzo yemutengo, mutengo wehupenyu hwese, uye mashandiro

Matrix inotevera yesarudzo inopa hurongwa hwekuenzanisa kusarudzwa kwesimbi yemhangura nenzvimbo dzakatarwa dzekushandisa, mararamiro anotarisirwa, uye zvinofungwa nezveOPEX.

Matanho ekusarudza anoshanda ezvikwata zvekutenga

Mapoka ekutenga anofanira kuita sarudzo chaiyo, ine matanho mana kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti nozzle inoshanda zvakanaka. Kutanga, ita ongororo yakazara yemvura inowanikwa panzvimbo iyi, uchiyera pH uye chloride concentrations kuti uone kana C36000 brass yakajairwa yakakwana kana kuti DZR brass chaiyo ichidiwa (inokurudzirwa zvikuru kuti munhu arambe achiwana chloride inodarika 200 mg/L).

Chechipiri, simbisa kuti tambo dzinoenderana nehurongwa hwenzvimbo kuti udzivise kunonoka kwekuiswa. Chechitatu, verenga mwero wekuyerera unodiwa uye mafambiro ekumanikidzwa—semuenzaniso, uchitsanangura, nozzle yekuyerera inogara ichiongororwa zvakanaka pa95 GPM pa100 PSI. Chekupedzisira, kumbira data rekuyedza kubva kumugadziri, kusanganisira zvitupa zvekudonha kwemamita matanhatu uye mishumo yekushanda kwevharuvhu ye1,000-cycle, kuti usimbise kugara kwenguva refu kwemavharuvhu ebhora emukati uye nzira dzekudzora kuyerera.

Kana ndarira iriyo sarudzo yakanakisisa yezvinhu

Brass ichiri chinhu chisingarambiki chinosarudzwa pakugadzira zvinhu zvinorema, mapombi ekuvaka emabhizimisi (Class I neClass III systems), uye kushandiswa kwemoto mumakanzuru kunoda mari yakawanda. Munzvimbo idzi, michina yekudzima moto inogona kugara isina chinhu kwemakumi emakore asi inotarisirwa kushanda zvakanaka panguva imwe chete.

Musanganiswa wakasiyana wesimba guru rekudhonza (kusvika ku450 MPa), kuramba kupisa kusingaenzaniswi (kunogara tembiricha yekunze kusvika ku900°C), uye kusabatwa netambo dzakagadzirwa nesimbi zvinoita kuti muromo wemvura wesimbi ushande zvakanaka kwemakore anopfuura 15 kusvika ku20. Kune zvivako zvinoisa kuchengetedzeka kwehupenyu, kutevedzera mitemo yakasimba, uye kuchengetedza kushoma, simbi yepamusoro inopa mhinduro yeinjiniya isina kuenzana uye yakaedzwa kwenguva refu.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvaunofanira Kuziva

• Mapombi emvura esimbi anowanzo shanda kwemakore gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi maviri munzvimbo dzakaoma dzemaindasitiri, zvichideredza kuwanda kwekutsiva kana tichienzanisa nezvinhu zvepasi zvinogona kugara kwemakore matatu kusvika mashanu chete.
• Mapoka ekutenga zvinhu anofanira kuongorora mari yese yekuva muridzi wechinhu nekuti mutengo wekutanga wechinhu chacho ungangove 15% kusvika 20% chete yemutengo wehupenyu hwese.
• Manotsi eruoko akajairika anowanzo shanda pa75 kusvika 100 PSI, nepo mashandisirwo emonitor emuindasitiri achigona kudarika 250 PSI, zvichiita kuti kusimba kwezvinhu uye kuvimbika kweshinda zvive zvakakosha.
• Masimbi emhangura akadai seC36000 neC46400 anopa chiyero chinoshanda chekudzivirira ngura, kugona kwekugadzira, huwandu, uye kugadzikana kwemuchina wemidziyo yekuchengetedza hupenyu.
• Kuchekwa kwevhu uye ngura zvinogona kuparadza zvinhu zvisina kunaka zvemumuromo ne 0.1 mm kusvika 0.5 mm pagore, zvichigona kukanganisa kuyerera kwakaganhurirwa uye mapatani ekupfapfaidza.

Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa

Sei maburi emvura yemhangura achinyanya kufarirwa pane mamodheru earuminiyamu?

Brass inopa simba rakasimba rekudzivirira ngura, kugara kwenguva refu kweshinda, uye hupenyu hurefu hwebasa munzvimbo dzakaoma. Kunyangwe ichigona kudhura 30% kusvika 40% kupfuura aruminiyamu, inowanzogara kwemakore 15 kusvika 20 zvichienzaniswa nemakore 3 kusvika 5 kune dzimwe nzira dzakaderera.

Ko muromo wemvura yemoto unofanira kumira sei pakushanda?

Manotsi eruoko akajairika anowanzo shanda panosvika 75 kusvika 100 PSI, nepo mamonita emuindasitiri anorema anogona kudarika 250 PSI. Chinhu chenotsi chinofanira kuramba kuchinjika, kukuvara kweshinda, uye njodzi yekuputika pasi pemitoro iyi ye hydraulic.

Brass inoderedza sei mari yehupenyu hwevatengi vekuchengetedza moto mumaindasitiri?

Mutengo wekutanga wekutenga ungangove uri 15% kusvika 20% chete yemari inoshandiswa muhupenyu hwese. Maburi ebhuranzi anoderedza kuwanda kwekutsiva, basa rekugadzirisa, njodzi yekusashanda, uye kunetseka nezvekutevedzera mitemo, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kushandisa mumaindasitiri nemugungwa kwenguva refu.

Ndezvipi zvinhu zvesimbi zvemhangura zvinowanzo shandiswa pakushandisa mvura yemoto?

Sarudzo dzinowanikwa dzinosanganisira brass yeC36000 inocheka yakasununguka uye brass yegungwa yeC46400. Masimbi aya anobatanidza kugona kwekugadzira, kuramba ngura, kuwanda, uye kugadzikana kwemuchina, zvichiita kuti akwanise kushandiswa mumidziyo inoda kudzima moto.

Kuora kunogona kukanganisa mashandiro emushonga wekupfapfaidza mumuromo here?

Ehe. Kuora, kuvharika kwemubato, uye kupera kweshinda zvinogona kukanganisa chimiro chemukati chemuromo, zvichideredza kurongeka kwekuyerera kwemvura uye kusimba kwepatani yekupfapfaidza. Muzviitiko zvakakomba, kuvhurika kwemubato kunogona kubvisa 0.1 mm kusvika 0.5 mm yezvinhu pagore.