Chii chinonzi Sisitimu Yekukurukurirana Kwemaindasitiri uye Nei Ichikosha?

Nhanganyaya

Mukushanda kwemaindasitiri otomatiki, kutaurirana inzira inoita kuti michina, masensa, vanodzora, uye software zviite zvinoenderana neruzivo rumwe chete panguva yakakodzera. Sisitimu yekutaurirana kwemaindasitiri yakavakirwa kuchinjana data kwakasimba, kuwanikwa kwakanyanya, uye kushanda kwakavimbika munzvimbo dzakaoma uko kunonoka kana kukundikana kunogona kukanganisa kugadzirwa uye kukanganisa kuchengetedzeka. Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita masisitimu aya kunobatsira kutsanangura kuti nei mafekitori achigona kutarisa michina munguva chaiyo, kuronga mashandiro emidziyo yakawanda, uye kubatanidza tekinoroji yekushanda nemasisitimu ebhizinesi. Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinotsanangura zvinosanganisirwa nesisitimu yekutaurirana kwemaindasitiri, kuti yakasiyana sei ne network yakajairwa, uye nei ichikanganisa zvakananga nguva yekushanda, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuonekwa.

Nei Masisitimu Ekutaurirana Kwemaindasitiri Akakosha

An sisitimu yekutaurirana kwemaindasitiriinoshanda senzira huru yetsinga yekugadzira zvinhu zvemazuva ano, kudzora maitiro, uye nharaunda dze otomatiki. Kusiyana nema network e IT emakambani akajairika anotungamira bandwidth uye kubatana kwakafara, ma network emaindasitiri akagadzirwa kuti abatsire kuchinjana data chaiko, panguva chaiyo pakati pema sensors, ma actuators, ma programmable logic controllers (PLCs), uye masisitimu ekutarisira. Zvichivhara musiyano uripo pakati pe tekinoroji yekushanda (OT) ne tekinoroji yeruzivo (IT), masisitimu aya anoumba hwaro hwezvivakwa zvinodiwa pazvirongwa zveIndustry 4.0.

Zvinetso zvemari uye zvekushanda munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri zvinoda magadzirirwo ekutaurirana akasarudzika. Kukundikana kwenetwork kwechinguvana kana kuwedzera kwekunonoka kunogona kukonzera dambudziko rekugadzirisa kwenguva pfupi munzvimbo yehofisi kunogona kutungamira mukukuvadzwa kukuru kwemidziyo, njodzi dzekuchengetedza, kana zviuru zvemadhora muzvinhu zvakaraswa pafekitori. Nekuda kweizvozvo, masisitimu ekutaurirana emaindasitiri akagadzirwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekuunzwa kwedata mukati menguva dzakaoma, dzinoverengeka, kazhinji dzichitarisa 99.999% kana kupfuura.

Maitiro avanovandudza nguva yekushanda uye kuoneka

Nekubatsira kuchinjana kwedata nekukurumidza pakati pemidziyo yemumunda uye masisitimu epamusoro ekutonga nekutora data (SCADA), network dzemazuva ano dzinowedzera zvakanyanya kushanda kwemidziyo yese (OEE). Continuous telemetry inobvumira vatariri vemafekitori kuchinja kubva pakuita reactive kuenda ku predictive maintenance models. Kana ma vibration sensors nema motor drives zvikataurirana zvakanaka pamusoro pe high-bandwidth channels—dzinowanzo shanda pa100 Mbps kusvika pa1 Gbps—mainjini e analytics anogona kuona microscopic anomalies zvisati zvaitika zvikanganiso zvemakanika.

Kuonekwa uku kunoramba kuchionekwa kunoderedza nguva yekusashanda zvakanaka isina kurongwa. Mumaindasitiri ane process dzakaoma, uko awa imwe chete yekumira kwekugadzira inogona kukonzera mari inodarika $100,000, kugona kutsvaga dambudziko re network kusvika pa chiteshi kana tambo yakatyoka mumasekonzi pane maawa kunochinja zvakanyanya pakugadzirisa. Maitiro ekuongorora epamberi akabatanidzwa mu communication system anopa kururama kwakanangana nehutano hwe network, kuderedza kunonoka kwekugadzirisa matambudziko uye kuwedzera nguva yekushanda.

Sei kushanda pamwe chete, kusarudza, uye kuchengetedzwa kwemakombiyuta zvichikosha?

Chinhu chikuru chinosiyanisa sisitimu yekutaurirana kwemaindasitiri ideterminism—vimbiso yakakwana yekuti meseji ichatumirwa uye ichagamuchirwa mukati menguva chaiyo, inofungidzirwa. Mumashandisirwo ekudzora kufamba, akadai semaoko erobhoti akabatana kana mitsetse yekurongedza inomhanyisa, network jitter inofanira kugara iri pasi pe1 microsecond. Pasina iyi deterministic precision, multi-axis coordination inokundikana, zvichikonzera zvikanganiso zvechigadzirwa uye kugongana kwemakanika.

Kushanda pamwe chete kunoita kuti michina yakasiyana kubva kuvatengesi vakasiyana-siyana ikwanise kutaurirana pasina zvipingamupinyi. Maitiro akajairwa anobvumira nzvimbo kubatanidza michina yakasarudzika kune network yakabatana yefekitori rese, zvichideredza mari yekuvharira nekubatanidza vatengesi. Zvisinei, kuwedzera uku kwekubatana kunowedzera nzvimbo yekurwiswa. Kuita matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza cyber, kunyanya kutevedzera mwero weIEC 62443, hakuchina sarudzo. Masisitimu ekutaurirana emaindasitiri anofanirwa kusanganisira kuongorora kwakadzika kwepaketi, kupatsanurwa kwenetwork, uye kudzora kupinda kweport-level kudzivirira kubva kunjodzi dzekunze dzecyber uye kusarongeka kwemukati.

Zvinosanganisirwa neSistimu yeKutaurirana yeMaindasitiri

Magadzirirwo ehurongwa hwekutaurirana hwemaindasitiri anofukidza zvikamu zvakawanda, zvichibatanidza zviri nyore michina yemagetsi nemaitiro akaomarara esoftware. Zvichienderana nePurdue Enterprise Reference Architecture, masisitimu aya anoparadzanisa traffic yenetwork kubva paLevel 0 (maitiro epanyama) kusvika paLevel 3 (masisitimu ekugadzira) zvichienda mberi. Iyi nzira ine zvikamu inoita kuti data rekudzora rakakosha rirambe rakaparadzaniswa kubva kune traffic yebhizinesi isinganyanyi kunetseka nenguva.

Zvikamu zvepakati nezvikamu

Padanho rekutanga, zvinhu zvemuviri zvinosanganisira maswitch akagwinya, marouter, magateways, uye macable akagadzirirwa kutsungirira tembiricha yakanyanya, kukanganiswa kwakanyanya kwemagetsi (EMI), uye kuzununguka kunogara kwenguva refu. Maswitch eIndustrial Ethernet, semuenzaniso, anowanzo kuve neIP67-rated enclosures, conformal coating pama circuit boards, uye simba rinopinda kuti rirarame mamiriro akaoma epasi pemiti.

Pamusoro pechikamu chemuviri, chinongedzo chedata uye zvikamu zvekushandisa zvinoshandisamapuroteni akasarudzika eindasitirikutarisira traffic. Magedhi nemidziyo yekombuta yekumusoro zvinoshanda sevashanduri, zvichishandura data rekare kuita mapaketi eEthernet emazuva ano. Izvi zvinobvumira michina yekare, yakaparadzana kuti itore chikamu mumatanho epamusoro ekuunganidza data pasina kuda kugadziriswa kwakazara kwehardware.

Maitiro ekugadzira mapuroteni, midhiya, topology, uye dhizaini yechimiro chenguva

Kusarudzwa kwemidziyo yemagetsi kunonyanya kutsanangura kugona kwenetwork uye miganhu. Matambo emhangura eindasitiri (Cat5e kana Cat6a shielded twisted pair) aripo kwese kwese asi anoramba akasungwa nemuganhu wakasimba wehurefu hwemamita zana pachikamu chimwe nechimwe. Kune zvivako zvakakura kana nzvimbo dzine EMI yakaoma, matambo efiber optic emhando imwe chete anoiswa, anokwanisa kutumira data padaro rinodarika makiromita gumi pasina kuora kwechiratidzo.

Dhizaini yeTopology inowedzera kuumba kusimba kwesystem. Kunyange hazvo enterprise IT ichiwanzo vimba ne star topology, ma industrial network anowanzo shandisa ring kana daisy-chain configurations kuti agadzirise ma cable runs uye ave nechokwadi chekuti redundancy inodiwa. Maitiro akadai seMedia Redundancy Protocol (MRP) kana Device Level Ring (DLR) anobvumira ring topology kuti idzoke kubva pakatyoka cable muma milliseconds ari pasi pe50. Uyezve, nguva chaiyo inosimbiswa kuburikidza neIEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP), iyo inosanganisa wachi dzemudziyo pa network yese kusvika pa sub-microsecond accuracy, chinhu chinodiwa kuti pave nekudzora kufamba kwakarongeka.

Kuenzanisa Kwakaita Sarudzo dzeProtocol

Kuongorora sisitimu yekukurukurirana yeindasitiri kunoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaitiro eprotocol. Kuchinja kubva kumabhazi e serial eproprietary kuenda ku Ethernet-based standards kwakabatanidza layer chaiyo, asi layer dzeapplication dzichiri nyanzvi zvikuru. Kusarudza protocol chaiyo hakungotauri kumhanya kwenetwork chete asiwo huwandu hwepamusoro hwemidziyo yainogona kutsigira uye kuoma kwekubatanidzwa kwayo.

Zvinodiwa zvikuru pakusarudza protocol

Mainjiniya anofanirwa kuongorora maprotocol zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemazvo: nguva shoma yekutenderera, huwandu hwakawanda hwema node, rutsigiro rwetopology, uye nzira dze native redundancy. Matanho ekutarisa matangi emuchina we process automation anogona kungoda nguva yekutenderera mumazana ema milliseconds, zvichiita kuti kutaurirana kweTCP/IP kwakajairwa kuve kwakakwana. Kusiyana neizvi, muchina wekudhinda unomhanya zvakanyanya unoda nguva yekutenderera iri pasi pe millisecond imwe chete.

Chimwe chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti protocol inoshanda zvakanaka payload. Mamwe maprotocol ane mari yakawanda yekufambisa uye kuongorora data, izvo zvinogamuchirwa kune maSCADA network makuru asi zvinokanganisa kutonga kwemuchina zvakanyanya. Kusarudzwa kweprotocol kunokanganisawo zvakanyanya mitengo yehardware, sezvo mamwe maitiro epamusoro-soro achida specialized Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) kana Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) mukati meese ma field device.

Ethernet yeMaindasitiri vs bhasi remunda

Magadzirirwo ekare e "fieldbus architectures", akadai sePROFIBUS DP kana Modbus RTU, anoshanda pa "serial connections" (semuenzaniso, RS-485). Manetwork aya akasimba zvikuru uye ane hunyanzvi asi ane bandwidth limits yakakura, inowanzo svika pa12 Mbps yePROFIBUS uye yakaderera kune mamwe. Ane hierarchy chete uye anonetseka kubata huwandu hwakawanda hwedata rekuongorora rinodiwa nemaitiro emazuva ano ekufanotaura.

Maitiro eEthernet eIndasitiri, kusanganisira PROFINET, EtherNet/IP, uye EtherCAT, dzakatora nzvimbo ye fieldbus mukushandiswa kutsva. Ichishanda pa100 Mbps kusvika ku1 Gbps, Industrial Ethernet inopa bandwidth inodiwa kutumira data rekudzora real-time uye data rekuongorora risiri real-time kuburikidza newaya imwecheteyo. Kunyange zvazvo network dze fieldbus dzichiwanzoganhurirwa kuma nodes 32 kana 128 pachikamu chimwe nechimwe, network dzeIndustrial Ethernet dzinogona kuwedzera kusvika kuzviuru zvemidziyo yakabatana, chero bedzi network yakakamurwa nemazvo.

Kuchinjana kwekuchinjana kwesimba, kunonoka, uye kusimba

Kuwana latency yakaderera zvakanyanya kunowanzoda kuchinjana mukushandiswa kwenetwork kwakajairika. Semuenzaniso, EtherCAT inowana nguva yekutenderera iri pasi pema microseconds zana kune 1,000 distributed I/O points nekushandisa nzira ye "processing on the fly". Zvisinei, izvi zvinoda hardware yakasarudzika pama slave nodes uye haishandisi standard Ethernet switches mukati meEtherCAT segment.

Kusiyana neizvi, mapuroteni akaita seEtherNet/IP anovimba zvizere nemidziyo yeEthernet isina kugadziriswa uye TCP/UDP/IP suite. Izvi zvinowedzera kugona kukura uye kubatanidzwa kweIT/OT zvakanaka asi zvinoita kuti kuwana determinism ye sub-millisecond kuvimbiswe zvakanyanya nekugadziriswa kwenetwork kwakanyatsonaka, kukoshesa kweQuality of Service (QoS), uye maswichi anotungamirwa nepamusoro-soro.

Maitiro Ekusarudza Sisitimu Yakakodzera

Kugadzira nekushandisa sisitimu yakasimba yekutaurirana kwemaindasitiri kunoda kuyera zvinodiwa zvekushanda nekukurumidza nekukwanisa kukura kwenguva refu uye kuchengetedzeka. Kuongorora bandwidth nekunonoka chete hakuna kukwana; mainjiniya anofanirwa kutora maonero eTotal Cost of Ownership (TCO) anotsanangura basa rekubatanidza, kugadzirisa kuri kuenderera mberi, uye kudiwa kusingadzivisiki kwekuwedzera mune ramangwana.

Kuongorora zvinodiwa zvekushandisa uye hwaro hwakaiswa

Maitiro ekutama anofanira kutsanangura nzvimbo iripo. Munzvimbo dzebrownfield, kutsiva zvachose zvivakwa zvekare zvefieldbus hazviwanzo budirira mune zvemari. Pane kudaro, vanobatanidza masisitimu vanoisa zvinhu izvi.magedhi eprotocol uye vanodzora miganhukuisa data rakafanana mumafuremu eEthernet, vachibatanidza yekare neitsva. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kuverenga nekungwarira nguva yekunonoka inounzwa nemagedhi aya ekushandura kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti marobho ekudzora anoramba akagadzikana.

Kune mapurojekiti eGreenfield, kuongorora kugona kwenzvimbo dzema "node" kwakakosha. Varongi vanofanirwa kufungidzira huwandu hwenzvimbo dzema "network nodes" dzinodiwa mumakore gumi anotevera. Nzira yakajairika yekugadzira ma "subnet" asingashandise anopfuura 50% kusvika 60% yebandwidth yavo iripo uye kugona kwenzvimbo dzema "node" pakutanga. Semuenzaniso, kuganhurira nzvimbo imwe chete yekutepfenyura kune zvishandiso zvisingasviki 500 kunodzivirira madutu ekutepfenyura kubva mukukanganisa mashandiro enetwork sezvo nzvimbo yacho ichikura.

Mitemo yekutevedzera mitemo, kuchengetedzwa kwepamhepo, uye kuvimbika

Maitiro ekutevedzera mitemo anotungamira zvese zviri zviviri kuchengetedzeka kwebasa uye kudzivirirwa kwenetiweki. Kana michina inorema ichiisa njodzi kuhupenyu hwevanhu, sisitimu yekutaurirana inofanira kutsigira maitiro ekuchengetedza (semuenzaniso, PROFIsafe, CIP Safety) anotevedzera IEC 61508. Maitiro aya anoshandisa misimboti yeblack-channel kuti asvike paSafety Integrity Level 3 (SIL 3), zvichiita kuti mukana wekukundikana kune njodzi usvike pa10^-7 paawa.

Panguva imwe chete, dhizaini yenetwork inofanira kuenderana neIEC 62443chiyero chekuchengetedzwa kwepamhepoIzvi zvinosanganisira kugadzira nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekuchengetedza uye nzira dzekufambisa data, kuisa mafirewall eindasitiri, uye kuisa kuchengetedzwa kwakasimba kwechiteshi. Kudzima maports chaiwo asina kushandiswa uye kushandisa MAC address filtering padanho rekuchinja matanho akakosha mukuwana nzvimbo yekutanga yekuchengetedzwa.

Matanho ekushandisa kuderedza njodzi yekubatanidzwa

Kubudirira kwekuisa data kunoenderana nekusimbisa kwakasimba, zvishoma nezvishoma kuderedza njodzi dzekubatanidza data. Pamberi pekuiswa kwedata, bvunzo yakazara yeFactory Acceptance Test (FAT) inofanirwa kuitwa kuti ifananidze traffic yakawanda yenetwork uye kusimbisa kushanda pamwe chete kweprotocol. Chikamu ichi chekuedza chinofanira kusimbisa kuti magadzirirwo eQuality of Service (QoS) anotungamira nemazvo ma critical control packets pane kutamiswa kwedata rakawanda.

Panguva yekushandiswa kwemagetsi, kutevedzera mitemo yemagetsi kunodiwa. Kuisa pasi zvisina kunaka kana kushandisa tambo dzisina kudzivirirwa munzvimbo dzine magetsi akawanda kunogona kukonzera kukanganiswa kwemagetsi, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa nemapaketi uye zvikanganiso zvinogara zvichiitika izvo zvakaoma kuona. Chekupedzisira, kugadzira hwaro hwekushanda kwenetwork—kunyora huwandu hwetraffic hwakajairwa, jitter rates, uye switch CPU loads—zvinopa zvikwata zvekugadzirisa data rehuwandu hunodiwa kuti zvione nekugadzirisa kuora kwenetwork zvisati zvakanganisa kugadzirwa kwayo.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvaunofanira Kuziva

• Mhedzisiro yakakosha uye zvikonzero zveIndustrial Communication System
• Magadzirirwo, kutevedzera mitemo, uye kuongororwa kwenjodzi zvinofanirwa kuongororwa usati waita chibvumirano
• Matanho anotevera anoshanda uye mazano anogona kushandiswa nevaverengi ipapo ipapo

Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa

Chii chinonzi sisitimu yekukurukurirana yeindasitiri?

Inetwork yakasimba inobatanidza masensa, maPLC, maSCADA, mafoni, maintercom, uye maalamu kuitira kuti data nezwi zvifambe zvakanaka panguva chaiyo munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri.

Sei sisitimu yekukurukurirana yeindasitiri ichikosha panguva yekushanda kwefekitori?

Inoderedza nguva yekushanda nekupa zviratidzo zvinokurumidza, zvinofungidzirwa uye kuona zvakajeka kukanganisa, zvichibatsira zvikwata kuona matambudziko nekukurumidza uye kupindura kukundikana kusati kwamisa kugadzirwa.

Ndezvipi zvigadzirwa zvinowanzo shandiswa munzvimbo dzine njodzi kana kuti dzakaoma?

Sarudzo dzakajairika dzinosanganisira nhare dzisingaputike kana kuti dzisingapindi mamiriro ekunze, ma intercom evhidhiyo, mabhokisi ekufonera emergency, masisitimu ePA, uye zvishandiso zveIP PBX/VoIP zvakavakirwa ruzha, guruva, hunyoro, uye nzvimbo dzine njodzi.

Ndingasarudza sei pakati pemhangura nefaibha ye network yeindasitiri?

Shandisa mhangura yakavharirwa pakumhanya kwenguva pfupi kusvika pamamita zana uye pakuisa zvinhu zvakajairwa. Sarudza faibha padaro refu, nzvimbo dzakasimba dzeEMI, kana kana zvichidikanwa kupatsanurwa kwakasimba uye kuvimbika kwemusana.

Sei uchifanira kusarudza Siniwo yemhinduro dzekutaurirana kwemaindasitiri?

Siniwo inopa dhizaini, kubatanidza, kuisa, uye kugadzirisa zvinhu pamwe chete, nezvigadzirwa zvinotsigirwa neATEX, CE, FCC, ROHS, uye ISO9001 zvemigodhi, mafuta negasi, kutakura, uye mamwe mabasa anoda mari yakawanda.